Introduction

The dairy sector in the India has shown remarkable development in the past decade and India has now become one of the largest producers of milk and value-added milk products in the world. The dairy sector has developed through co-operatives in many parts of the State. During 1997-98, the State had 60 milk processing plants with an aggregate processing capacity of 5.8 million litres per day. In addition to these processing plants, 123 Government and 33 co-operatives milk chilling centres operate in the State.

With the increase in milk production. Maharashtra now regularly exports milk to neighbouring states. It has also intiated a free school feeding scheme, benefiting more than three million school children from over 19,000 schools all over the State.


Indian dairy industry

Dairy is a place where handling of milk and milk products is done and technology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

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Dairy Industry in India

More than 2,445 million people economically active in agriculture in the world, probably 2/3 or even more ¾ of them are wholly or partly dependent on livestock farming. India is endowed with rich flora & Fauna & continues to be vital avenue for employment and income generation, especially in rural areas. India, which has 66% of economically active population, engaged in agriculture, derives 31% of Gross Domestic Product GDP from agriculture. The share of livestock product is estimated at 21% of total agricultural sector.

Contribution of live stock sector to gross domestic product
(Percentage contribution)

1950-51 1990-91
63.5 67.0
12.0 16.0
4.1 3.1
1.3 0.3
16.5 10.0

 

Live stock populations:
Number of animals (in thousand)
(Source: production yearbook 1995 /FAO statistics division)

Sheeps Goats Pigs Chickens Cattle
45000 119242 11780 435 194655
Buffaloes Horses Mules Camels  
79500 990 1742 1520  

(Source Indian Dairy man, 50:1998)

Cattle
(millions)		 Buffalo Total (1996)
196 80 276

0.68% / year 0.75% / year

 

World   (1996)
1320 151 1471
0.64% / year 0.87% / year   

 

In India In World
28 breeds of cattle
7 breeds of buffalo		 1997 520.6 mt 5.5-0.75%
.2020.620 to 650 mt.

 

Milk Production

1950 – 17 million tonnes

1996 – 70.8 million tonnes

1997 – 74.3 mT

(Projected) 2020 – 240 mT

Expected to reach- 220 to 250 mT – 2020

India contributes to world milk production rise from 12-15 % & it will increase upto 30-35% (year 2020)

Average milk production / year

America 6874 Kg/ year
Denmark 6223 Kg/year
Holland 5751 Kg/year
India 552 Kg/year
  •   Average Productivity
  •   2.4 kg/day or 732 kg/lactation/cow

China:

1600 kg/lactation

America

7200 kg/lactation

Percapita availability:
Recommanded – 210 gm
India

1950

132 gm

1997

214 gm

2020

290 gm

India contributes 35% of total Asian milk

Dairy Industry profile 1997

Human Population

953 million (70 million dairy farmers)

Milk production

74.3 million tonnes (203.5 million 1 pd)

Average annual growth rate (1996-2000)

5.6%

Per capita milk availability

214 gm/day or 78 kg/year

Milch animals

57 million cows;
 

39 million buffaloes

 

Milk yield per breedable bovine in milk

1,250kg

Cattle feed production (organized sector)

1.5 million tonnes

Turnover of veterinary pharmaceuticals

Rs 550 crores

Dairy plants throughout

20 mlpd

Throughout as percentage of total milk output

10

Value of output of milk group (1994-95) (Based on producers price)

Rs 50,051 crores

Value of output of dairy industry (Based on retail price)

Rs 105,000 crores

Projected milk production at different rates of annual growth 1995 to 2000

year @5% @5.5% @6%
1995 66.3 66.3 66.3
1996 69.3 70.0 70.2
1997 73.1 74.0 74.4
1998 76.7 78.0 78.8
1999 80.6 82.3 83.5
2000 84.6 86.8 88.5

Milk Composition

Sr.
no		 Constituents Buffalo Cow Goat Liquid skimmed milk
1 Moisture (gm) 81.00 87.50 86.80 92.10
2 Protein (gm) 4.30 3.20 3.30 2.50
3 Fat (gm) 6.50 4.10 4.50 0.10
4 Minerals (gm) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.70
5 Carbohydrates (gm) 5.00 4.40 4.60 4.60
6 Energy calories (kcal) 117.00 67.00 72.00 29.00
7 Calcium (mg) 210.00 120.00 170.00 120.00
8 Phosphorus (mg) 130.00 90.00 120.00 90.00
9 Iron (mg) 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20

Indian Buffaloes: (Dairy business Directory 1996)

Buffaloes are classified into two categories;

1) reverine (depending upon variation in their habitat & genome)

2) swamp

Swamp buffaloes: - 48 chromosomes

  South east asian countries

  Stocky animals, marshy land habitat

River Buffaloes: - 50 chromosomes

- massive in size and curled horns

- Prefer to enter clear water

World’s Buffalo population:

  147 million

  about 142 millions in Asia & Pacific

India:

  leading most buffalo populated country

  78 millions most of reverine

Milk production: About 95% of world buffalo milk (45.3 million tonnes) is produced in Asia &Pacific, while 64.4% is produced in India (FAO.1992)

From 1950 to 1992 milk production in the world increased by 4.26%

The % of total bovines slaughtered;

Total bovine slaughtered (%)

  World 17.1 to 17.4% or - 1.6% per annum

  India 15% per annum

  Asia 6.6%

Increasing trend of buffalo population in most of the Asian countries in Brazil and Italy

BREEDS

Classified on phenotypic & geographic locations;
Cockril (1982) = Buffalo river type; two sub groups;

1. Horns are closed and set close to head & are down swept ;eg. Murrah, Ravi, Mehasana, Jaffarabadi, Sambalpur

2. Horns are sickle shaped and unswept: e.g. Bhadawari, Kalahandi, Kanara, Manda, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Surti, Tarai & Toda

Breeds of Buffaloes of Indian Origin and Breeding Tracts:

Group Breed Breeding tract
Murrah
type		 Murrah
Nili Ravi		 Rohtak, Jind,Hisar, Bhiwari, Sonepat
(Hariyam)
Ferozepur (Punjab)
Gujarat Surti
Jaffarabadi
Mehsana		 Kaira and Baroda
Kutch, Jungarh & Jamnagar dist
Mehsana, sabarkantha, Banaskantha Dist.
Uttar
pradesh		 Bhadawari
Tarai		 Bhadawari estate, Beh Tehsil in Agra, Gwalior & Etawah dist. Tarai region of U.P.
Central India Nagpuri Pandharpuri
Kalahandi
Sambalpur		 Nagpur, Akola, Amravati dist. South maharashtra, west A.P., north Karnataka Hilly region of Andra Pradesh and Orissa Bilaspur dist.
South India Toda
South Kanara		 Nilgiri Hills
West coast in Kerela

Buffaloes found in the north –eastern states and the eastern coastal region of India & in China South east Asian countries e.g. Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Srilanka, Burma, Laos, Kampuchea, Bangladesh etc. have been classified as swamp buffaloes on the basis of their genetic constitution (2n=48) & natural habitat.The breeds includes in these groups are Manda & Palakhemundi.

Production performance

Growth: The average birth wt.(Indian buffaloes) low 21 kg  High 41 kg
Higher in male calves than in females
Average daily gain of 548 gm between 3-6 months
                                       404 gm between birth to 36 months
Body weight at first calving- ranges from
                                       367 kg (Dharwati) to
                                       531 kg (Nili Ravi)
Higher growth rate in reverine breeds than swamp

MILK PRODUCTION
Production performance of different breeds of Buffaloes:

  Age at 1st calving
(months)		 Lactation.
Yield (kg)		 Lactation Length (days)
Buffalo Avg. Range Avg. Range Avg (Range)
Murrah 43.0 39.9-54.5 1850 1476-2515 315(267-365)
Nili Ravi 42.0 41.4-47.3 1765 1596-2808 2808 (09)
Surti 39.0 26.5-45.0 1364 1304-1693 313(300-373)
Bhadawari 46.0 44.3-54.2 1181 - 276 (-)
Nagpuri 48.0 44.3-55.6 1103 926-1175 270 (-)

Reproduction Performance: -
Most of the buffaloes are considered to be seasonal breeds with maximum calving taking place from July to November in almost all breeds
Buffaloes come in oestrus in cold month and are sub-fertile during hot month
Sub-fertility-> due to poor thermoregulaion in buffaloes and
Poor nutrition -> poor heat symptom-low heat detection (only ligno-cellulosic material straw /dry roughages)

  Calving interval
(days)		 Dry period
(days)		 Service period
(days)
Murrah 454 148 133
Nili Ravi 530 198 211
Surti 410 165 103
Bhadawari 460 156 -
Nagpuri - - 98


Ag.
Technologies
(Dairy)