The Custard Apple
Introduction :
Custard Apple ( Annuna squmos L.) is one of the finest fruits introduced in India from
tropical America. It is also found in wild form in many parts of India. It is cultivated
in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, and Tamil Nadu. Besides
India, it is common in China, Phillippines, Egypt and Central Africa.
Importance: It is
very hardy, medium in growth and decidious in nature. The fruits are generally used as
fresh, while some products or mixed fruits like custard powders, ice-creams are prepared
from the fruits. Besides high nutritive value, it has also a high medicinal value. Unripe
fruits, seeds, leaves and roots are considered and used in medicinal preparations.
Climate: all annonas
are tropical in origin and grow well in hot and dry climate with varying degrees of
difference. Custard Apple requires hot dry climate during flowering and high humidity at
fruit setting. Flowering comes during hot dry climate of May but fruit setting takes place
on onset of monsoon. Low humidity is harmful for pollination and fertilization. The
Custard Apple withstands drought conditions cloudy weather and also when the temperatures
go below 15 deg.cent. Annual rainfall of 50-80 cm is optimum, though it can withstand
higher rainfall.
Soil: The Custard
Apple is not very particular about soil conditions and flourishes in all types of soils
like shallow, sandy, but fails to grow if the subsoil is ill drained. It can grow well in
deep black soils provided they are well drained. A little salinity or acidity does not
affect it but alkalinity, chlorine, poor drainage or marshy-wet lands hamper the growth
and fruiting.
Varieties: The
following are some of the varieties grown in different agro-climatic regions of the
country.
Red Sitaphal
Balanagar
Hybrid
Washington
Purandhar (Pune)
Propagation: The
annonas are commonly propagated by seeds. Recently some researchers have developed some
techniques in vegetative methods and budding can be adopted for multiplication. The
seedlings of local custard apple have proved a good root stock for many improved varieties
and hybrids. Seeds treated with 100 ppm for 24 hours germinate quickly and uniformly.
Planting and Season:
Planting is done during rainy season. The pits of 60x60x60 cm at spacing 4x4 or 5x5 or 6x6
depending on soil type are dug prior to monsoon and filled with a good quality FYM, single
super phosphate and neem or Karanj cake under dry conditions and with drip irrigation
system planting at 6x4 meters has given good growth and better fruit setting.
Interculturing: For
good plant growth, the weeding should be done to keep away the weeds. Intercropping with
some legumes, peas, beans and merigold flowers are commonly taken by the growers.
Normally, no crop is taken during winter as the plants go under rest.
Care of young
orchard: The gap filling is to be done as early as possible. Stagnation of water during
first monsoon should be taken care of, if the planting is done on imprevious soils or ill
drained soils.
Special
horticultural practices: For uniform flowering and for early flowering and also to check
the flower and fruit drop and for improving fruit size, following growth regulators are
used.
For defoliation and
bringing the plants under uniform rest Ethryl at 1000 ppm is sprayed one month after the
harvest of the fruits.
For better and early
flowering Biocil a ml per litre of water is sprayed just prior to flowering.
10 to 20 ppm NAA is
sprayed just prior to flowering period to reduce the flower and fruitdrop.
During fruit
development 50 ppm GA + 5 ppm + 0.5 ppm cppu, foliar spray improves the fruit size and
luster of the fruits.
Irrigation: In
general, Custard apple is grown as a rainfed crop, and no irrigation given. However, for
early and bumper harvest of the crop. Irrigation on flowering i.e. from May should be
given till regular monsoon starts. For better flowering and fruit setting, mist sprinkling
is better over flood or drip system of irrigation as it keeps to lower down the
temperatures and to increase in the relative humidity.
Nutrition:
Generally, no manures or fertilizers are applied to rainfed crop. However, for early and
bumper harvest with a good keeping quality, the following dose is recommended to a fully
grown tree. Biomeal …. 10 kg, 5:10:5 1 Kg. Ormichem micronutrient mixture 0.250 kg at
the time of flowering and another dose of 10:26:26 or 19: 19: 19 mixture after fruit
setting. Foliar spray with 8:12:24:4 10 gm/lt, twice during fruit development.
Occassionally, zinc or iron or both deficiencies are noticed and can be taken care of by
spraying chealed zinc or Ferrous.
Plant protection:
Though the crop is hardy, it suffers from the following pests-
Mealy bug
Scale insects
Fruit boring
caterpillar
Leaf spot, Anthrac
nose, Black stone, spraying with neem oil, Meenark, and some herbal preparation is
recommended.
Harvesting and
yield: The Custard apple is a climacteric fruit and harvested at the maturity state when
the fruit starts to change colour from green to its varietal colour shade. Immature fruits
do not ripe. Swallowing some apical buds – showing inner pulp is also an indication
of maturity. A were grown tree yield above 100 fruits weighing 300 to 400 gm. The season
of harvest is from August to October.
Post-harvest
handling: The fruits do not withstand cold storage as well as handling after ripening.
Firm but mature fruits can be kept at 6 deg.cent. temperature for about a week but such
fruits loose aroma and attractiveness and also develop some cipid taste.
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Ag.
Technologies
(Horticulture)
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