Introduction
Tissue
culture consists of growing plants cells as relatively on organized masses
of cells on an agar medium (callus culture) or as a suspension of free
cells and small cell masses in a liquid medium (suspension culture).
Tissue culture is used for vegetative multiplication of many species and
in some cases for recovery of virus-free plants. It has potential
application in production of somatic hybrids, organelle and cytoplasm
transfer, genetic transformation and germplasm storage through
freeze-preservation.
The
various applications of plant tissue and cells cultural are as
below:
Tissue
culture is well suited for quick vegetative propagation of plant species.
It is used for asexual propagation in many species of fruit and timber
trees and also used for obtaining disease free and virus-free plants. The
major difficulty in the use of this technique in clonal multiplication is
the occurrence of genetic variation among the regenerated plants. This
problem can be reduced to a large extent by using young tissue cultures,
preferably during the first few subcultures.
Biochemical
mutants are far more easily isolated from cell cultures than from whole
plant populations. This is because a large number of cells, 106-109,
can be easily and effectively screened for biochemical mutant cells.
Biochemical mutants could be selected for disease resistance, improvement
of nutritional quality, adaptation of plants to stress conditions, e.g.
saline soils, and to increase the biosynthesis of plant products used for
medicinal or industrial purposes.
- Somaclonal
Variation
Plants
regenerated from tissue and cell cultures show heritable variation for
both qualitative and quantitative traits; such a variation is known as
somaclonal variation. Somalconal variation has been described in
sugarcane, potato, tomato etc. Some variants are obtained in homozygous
condition in the plants regenerated from the cells in vitro (R0
generation), but most variants are recovered in the selfed progeny of
the tissue culture-regenerated plants (R1 generation).
Somaclonal variation most likely arises as a result of chromosome
structural changes, e.g., small deletions and duplications, gene
mutations, plasma gene mutations, mitotic crossing over and possibly,
transposons. Somaclonal variation may be profitably utilized in crop
improvement since it reduces the time required for releasing the new
variety by at least two years as compared to mutation breeding and by
three years in comparison to back cross method of gene transfer.
- Amino
Acid Analogue Resistant Mutants
Cereal
grains are deficient in lysine; maize (Zea maize) is also
deficient in trytophan, while wheat (T.aestivum) and rice (O.sativa)
are deficient in threonine. Pulses are deficient in methionine and
trytophan. Amino acid analogue-resistant cells may be expected to show a
relatively higher concentration of that particular amino acid. For e.g.,
carrot (D.carota) and tobacco (N.tabacum) cell lines
resistant to trytophan analogue 5-methyl trytophan show a 10-27-fold
increase in the level of trytophan. Similarly, rice cells resistant to
lysine analogue 5-(B-aminoethyl)-cysteine, show much higher
levels of lysine. This technique may prove useful in the development of
crop varieties with a better-balanced amino acid content.
- Disease
Resistant Mutants
Many
pathogenic bacteria produce toxins that ae toxic to plant cells. Plant
cell cultures may be exposed to lethal concentrations of these toxins
and resistant clones isolated. Plants regenerated from these resistant
clones would be resistant to the disease producing pathogen. This
technique should be applicable to all the pathogens, which produce the
disease through the action of toxin. An e.g., an application is in the
case of wildfire disease of tobacco (N.tabacum) produced by Pseudomonos
tabaci. Tobacco cells resistant to methionine sulfoximine, which is
similar to the toxin produced by the pathogen, were isolated. Plants
regenerated from these clones were resistant to wildfire disease,
although to a somewhat lesser degree. The technique can be applied to
those cases only where the disease is the result of a toxin produced by
the pathogen. But many of the pathogens do not seem to produce a toxin,
or the toxin does not appear to be the primary cause of the disease.
- Stress
Resistant And Other Mutants
Plant
cells resistant to 4-5 times the normally toxic salt (NaCl)
concentration have been isolated. Attempts to insolate such cells are
being made. Similarly, attempts are being made to isolate clones that
would produce more substances of medicinal or industrial value.
- Somatic
Hybridization
Protoplasts
can be isolated from almost every plant species and cultured to produce
callus. Protoplasts of two different species may be fused with the help
of polyethylene glycol.
- Genetic
Transformation
There
is some evidence that gene transfer may be achieved by feeding cells
with DNA in case of eukaryotes, such as, Drosophila, Neurospora,
cultured mammalian cells and in some plants. Genetic changes may be
brought about by DNA or by radiation-killed pollen grains. This raises
the possibility of genetic modification of plant cells with the help of
both homologous (from the same species) and heterologous (from a
different species) DNA. It is also proposed that DNA plant viruses, such
as cauliflower (B.oleracea) mosic virus and potato leaf roll
virus, plasmids (e.g., Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium) and
transposons, may be used as the carriers of genes for genetic
modification of plant cells.
- Organelle
Transfer
In
some cases, it may be desirable to transfer only organelles or the
cytoplasm into a new genetic background. This may be achieved through
the use of plant protoplasts. Chloroplasts have been transferred, and
other organelles including nucleus may be transferred.
- Germplasm
Conservation
Tissue
cultures may be frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen at –1960C
for long-term storage of germplasm. This would be of great value in the
conservation of germplasm of those crops which normally do not produce
seeds, e.g. root and tuber crops, or where it may not be desirable to
store seeds. For freeze-preservation, the cells are cooled at a slow
rate and are then transferred to liquid nitrogen for storage. Thawing of
the cells must be very rapid for increased survival. A cryoprotectant,
such as dimethylsufoxide (DMSO), is used to protect the cells from
injury due to freezing and thawing. The technique of freeze-preservation
i.e., crybiology, of plant cells is still in the developing
stages.
- Achievements
and Future Prospects
Tissue
culture techniques are being exploited to enhance crop production and to
aid crop improvement efforts. Faster clonal multiplication is being
exploited on commercial scale for many horticultural species e.g. oil
palm, mentha, roses, carnation etc. Tissue cultured somatic tissues are
now routinely being used for conservation of those species whose seeds are
recalcitrant or ones which do not produce seed at all.
Embryo
culture has helped in rescuing hybrid embryos enabling the recovery of
many interspecific hybrids and haploid plants. Shoot tip (meristem)
culture plays a vital which is of great importance in germplasm exchange,
and the development of serological techniques for the detection of viruses
in plant materials is a great help to the efforts in this direction. |